VOLUME 48, NO1, FEB-2026

Continuous Online Flow Analysis of the Chromium (III) Ion in Drugs using Five Snow White LEDs as Radiation Sources Arranged in a Single Row Matrix Cell Photometer

A new spectrophotometric flow injection analysis method has been successfully developed to measure chromium (III) ion levels. This approach relies on the oxidation of the chromium (III) ion by hydrogen peroxide in a basic environment, leading to the formation of the chromate ion. This ion subsequently reacts with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide in an acidic solution, resulting in a striking blue-violet complex. Under optimal conditions, the method demonstrates a linear response within the range of 0.05 to 15 mmol.L-1, achieving a high correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9912. The detection limit is impressively low at 51.996ng/100µL, and the precision, quantified by relative standard deviation (RSD%) across six replicate measurements, remains below 1% for Cr(III). This analytical technique has been effectively utilized to quantify chromium (III) ion content in three different pharmaceutical preparations: Vitaking kft-200µg from Hungary, GTF-200µg from the USA, and AdvaCare Pharma-200µg from the USA, all produced by different manufacturers using a homemade NAG-SSP analyzer. In comparing this novel method with a traditional spectrophotometric approach, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the two at a 95% confidence level, as determined by the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA. These results indicate that the new method can be confidently adopted as a reliable routine alternative for analyzing Cr(III) in various pharmaceutical products.read more

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Marwah A. Kadhim Al-banaa, Nawras Majid Hassouni, Turkey, Nagham Shakir and Hussein Fares Abd-Alrazack

DFT Quantum Chemical Calculations and Statistical Analysis of 2-Amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitrile Derivatives and their Electrical Properties

Quantum chemical calculations were performed for gas and water phases using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis set to determine some molecular properties of 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitrile derivatives (1-61). The quantum chemical properties of these compounds such as EHOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital energy), ELUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy), HOMO-LUMO energy gap (∆E), ionization potential (I), chemical hardness (η) and softness (σ), etc. values were calculated and the results were discussed. This research aims to construct the relationship between HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity (pIC50) values and classical-quantum descriptors (attributes) of 61 compounds. The values of the attributes are extracted by utilizing B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method. This endeavour leads to different statistical models since the data contain both nonlinearity and clustered structure. In this study, 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitrile derivatives (1-61) were classified into three subsets based on the atom or group attached at the X position: Subset S (compounds 1-19), Subset SO (compounds 20-32), and Subset SO₂ (compounds 33-61). Then each subgroup is split into more statistically homogeneous subsets using statistical models suggesting that the ratio denoted by ∆E/I is the most significant variable that accounts for pIC50 for both groups of S and SO2 with 95 and 90 percent coefficients of determination, respectively. On the other hand, for the group SO, we have a more complicated significant variable that accounts for pIC50, which is (I+DM)/(EN*Electrophily). Moreover, In the context of 2-amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitrile derivatives, compounds 2, 24, and 50 for gas phase, and compounds 15, 30, and 50 for water phase exhibit higher HOMO energies and smaller ΔE values compared to other molecules in the series. This suggests that, according to the ΔE values, these compounds have a higher tendency to donate electrons and have a more effective reactivity than the other compounds in the series.read more

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M. Izzettin Yilmazer, Murat Saracoglu, Murat Alper Basaran, Hakan Sezgin Sayiner and Fatma Kandemirli

Covalent Immobilization of Glutathione-S-Transferase onto Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles via Epichlorohydrin Spacer Arm

This study examined the synthesis of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and the covalent immobilization of glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) onto these nanoparticles using an epichlorohydrin (ECH) spacer arm, as well as the optimal reaction conditions for both free and immobilized enzymes and the reusability of the immobilized enzyme. The optimal pH values for free and immobilized enzymes were established as 7.0 and 6.0, respectively. It was found that the ideal temperature for both free and immobilized enzymes was 37 and 40 °C, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the values of Vmax for glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) substrates of free GSTs enzyme were measured as 204.8 U/mg prot., and 194.3 U/mg prot., respectively. The immobilized GSTs enzyme's CDNB and GSH substrates had Vmax values of 33.29 U/mg prot. and 33.08 U/mg prot., respectively. The free GSTs enzyme's CDNB and GSH substrates have Km values of 0.201 mM and 0.1873 mM, respectively. GSH and CDNB have Km values of 0.3042 mM and 0.2523 mM, respectively. At various temperatures, we contrasted the thermal stability of free and immobilized GSTs. The immobilized GSTs enzyme retained 50% of its activity after 20 were reused. After 30 days of storage at 25 °C and 4 °C, it was discovered that 18% and 32% of the free GSTs enzyme activity were preserved, and 30 days of storage at 25 °C and 4 °C resulted in 20% and 41% preserved enzyme activity for the immobilized enzyme, respectively.read more

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M. Kemal Caglar, Nuri Gulesci, Ramazan Bilgin and Guzide Yucebilgic

Rapid, Simple, and Cost-Effective Analytical Method Validation of the Mixture of Lidocaine and Methylparaben Combination for Assay Determination

Lidocaine, a versatile analgesic, serves as a local anesthetic for topical dermal applications and as an agent to mitigate discomfort associated with chemotherapy in cancer patients. It is also utilized for postoperative pain management. Given its diverse applications, it is essential to investigate analytical and detection methods for lidocaine and its associated compounds, such as methylparaben. The present study introduces a simple and validated procedure for performing such analyses. The chromatographic system employed in this study comprised a GL Science Inc. Intersil ODS-3 column (150 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter, 5 µm particle size), with a mobile phase consisting of methanol:buffer (1:1), a detection wavelength of 220 nm, and operation at room temperature. A comprehensive validation study was conducted to confirm the accuracy, reproducibility, and precision of the results through the application of system suitability criteria. The UV-HPLC analytical method developed and validated in this research was evaluated for its capacity to detect low levels of lidocaine (Lido) and methylparaben (MP) within an efficient 8-minute run time. The limits of detection (LOD) were statistically determined as 6.636 µg/mL for Lido and 0.713 µg/mL for MP. The method demonstrated high recovery rates for both compounds, with an accuracy range of 98.7% to 101.1%. Furthermore, excellent linearity was observed, with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.99992 for Lido and 0.99991 for MP.read more

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Bandar R. Alsehli, Basima A.A. Saleem, Mahmoud Abdulnasser, and Mostafa F. Al-Hakkani

Oilseeds from Arid Algeria:Fatty Acid Profiles, Physicochemical Properties, and Food Security Implications

: Food security in arid regions is challenged by climate change and reliance on imported goods, making the valorization of local, drought-tolerant crops a key strategy for sustainability; this study therefore aimed to characterize the physicochemical properties and fatty acid profiles of oils from five local oilseeds—peanut, safflower, rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower—cultivated in the arid El-Oued region of Algeria. Oils were obtained using the Soxhlet extraction method and analyzed for refractive index, acid value, and saponification value according to ISO and AOCS standards, while fatty acid profiles were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID). The results revealed that peanut exhibited the highest oil yield (45.19 %), and while most oils met key quality standards, safflower and soybean oils showed elevated acid values, indicating a need for optimized post-harvest handling. Distinct fatty acid profiles were identified, with safflower being rich in oleic acid (65.95 %), soybean in linoleic acid (46.79 %), and rapeseed containing a notable amount of α-linolenic acid (9.88 %), resulting in an optimal Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio of 1.97. These findings underscore the high potential of locally adapted oilseeds, particularly peanut for its high yield and rapeseed for its balanced omega fatty acids, to contribute to food security, improved nutrition, and sustainable agricultural systems in arid regions like Algeriaread more

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Ahmed Allali, Smail Acila, Intissar Oucif Khaled, Samiha Ben Nacer Nadjat Gedaeir Ahmed, Hana Djaballah

Ag Nanoparticle Green Synthesis using Litchi chinensis Peels Extract: Mutagenicity, Cytotoxicity, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities Evaluation

In view of the promising therapeutic potential of AgNPs, in the present study, the cytotoxicity of AgNPs was evaluated against HepG2, which were prepared using Litchi chinensis peels (LCP) extract. The mutagenicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. The AgNPs showed favorable antioxidant activity, i.e., total phenolic contents (TPC) (48.46 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoid contents (TFC) (35.83 mg CE/g DW) and free radical scavenging (84.93% inhibition). The antibacterial activity was assessed against E. coli, B. subtilis, P. multocida, and S. aureus bacterial strains, which also revealed promising antibacterial activity. The FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of phytochemicals in the formation of AgNPs. The SEM analysis revealed the formation of semi-spherical particles with a tendency to aggregate, which was due to the interactions among biomolecules on the surface of particle. The AgNPs was in a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The AgNPs showed no apparent toxicity against HepG2 cells. Additionally, mutagenicity was evaluated against S. typhi of TA98 and TA100 strains, which revealed the non-mutagenic nature of the AgNPs. The LCP-AgNPs demonstrated promising potential for biomedical applications.read more

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Mazhar Abbas, Aqsa Mumtaz, Norah Alwadai, Munawar Iqbal, Arif Nazir, Ismat Bibi, Abid Ali, Naveed Ahmad and Maryam Al Huwayz

Micro Wave-Assisted Fast Extraction of Oil from Thrombolytic Agent Native Earthworm (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg) their GC-MS Quantification of the Fatty Acids and Evaluation of Lipids by ATR FTIR Spectroscopy

Fatty acids methyl esters (FAMES) were synthesised utilizing the iupac standard, 1979 method 2.301 and their significance on the basis of nutritional research purpose. The earthworms were microwave extracted, then analysed for fatty acids composition according to aoac method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy used to identify the distinctive peaks of the fatty acid spectrum, whereas gas-chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy was used to evaluate the fatty acid composition of earthworm (Lampito mauritii, Kinberg). The current investigation identified two unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1 and C19:3) and eleven saturated fatty acids (C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:0, C23:0, C24:0, and C25:0). Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) varied from 26.38 to 29.14%, with oleic acid (C18:1) dominating at 16.88%, 17.75%, and 17.52%, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) ranged from 70.86 to 73.61%, with stearic acid (C18:0) dominating at 13.24 to 13.99%. Thirteen fatty acids, were identified from Lampito mauritii, Kinberg Sindh Pakistan origin, using Agilent 6890 N gas chromatographic device with Agilent autosampler 7683-B injector and Agilent MS-5975 inert XL mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Little Fall, NY, USA)reported by us in the literature for the first time. Based on the results the earthworm (L. mauritii, Kinberg) contains significant fatty acids that have potential pharmaceutical values.read more

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Nighat Sultana, Zakia Khatoon, Dhani Bux Mashori, Adel Zia Siddiqui Kiran Rafiq, Aftab Ahmed Kandhro

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-urease, Lipoxygenase, and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibition Activities of Isatin Thiazole Derivatives Using Nano Formulations

This study investigates the enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activities of various nanoparticles loaded with three isatin thiazole derivatives. For drug encapsulation, two different nanoparticle systems were examined: polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, including alginate-chitosan nanoparticles (ACN) and gum-chitosan nanoparticles (GCN), and polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles based on the lipid soya lecithin in combination with either sodium alginate (PLHN-A) or gum acacia (PLHN-G). The biological activities of the drug-loaded nanoparticles were evaluated against key targets, including antioxidant activity, urease, lipoxygenase, and butyrylcholinesterase. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM, using eserine, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and thiourea as reference standards. Among the tested systems, PLHN-A loaded with derivative-3 (D3) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (30.2 ± 0.45). Alginate-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with derivative-3 (ACN-D3) demonstrated notable anti-urease activity (21.2 ± 0.12), while derivative-1(D1) encapsulated in the same nanoparticle system (ACN-D1) exhibited significant lipoxygenase inhibition (13.4 ± 0.48). Gum-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with derivative-1 (GCN-D1) demonstrated strong butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (IC50 = 21.6 ± 0.17 µM). Overall, ACN and PLHN-A with all three derivatives (D1, D2 and D3) emerged as promising candidates due to their excellent antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties, underscoring the effect of nanoparticle composition on their biological activity and therapeutic potential.read more

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Khadim Mohi Uddin, Najia Mansoor, Syed Imran Ali, Mohsin Ali, Mansoor Ahmed, Mehwish Solangi, Shazia Haider, and Khalid Mohammed Khan