bioavailability, drug stability, and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a non-ionic surfactant (D1) was synthesized and characterized employing advanced techniques, including NMR and EI-MS, to elucidate its structure. D1 and lignin were employed as ketamine (KT) carriers for the preparation of two formulations, designated as KD1 and KL1, respectively. Characterisation techniques, like UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS), were employed to examine the properties of formulations, such as their interactions, size in solution, polydispersity index (PDI), and particle charge. KD1 and KL1 showed outstanding drug encapsulation efficiencies (EE) of 75.0% and 80.1%, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of these formulations for efficient delivery of KT. Moreover, the behavioral studies, including the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, Social Interaction Test (SIT), and Open Field Test (OFT), were performed on rats for examining anxiety-like symptoms induced by exposure to electric shock to evaluate their therapeutic potential. The findings demonstrated that rats subjected to electric shock alone experienced considerable anxiety-like behaviors, such as less social engagement with new cage-mates and less exploration of open-arm and open arena apparatus. However, these anxiety symptoms were successfully reduced by treatment with the nanoformulations (KD1 and KL10. This suggests that the prepared formulations of KD1 and KL1 have promising potential to treat anxiety conditions. Furthermore, KD1 and KL1 were examined for drug retention using a Storage Stability (SS) study conducted over 30 days. The SS for KD1 and KL1 ranged from 96.4% to 88.04% and from 97.1% to 89.94% from the 1st to the 30th day, respectively.
Muhammad Iqbal Afridi, Kausar Amir, Abdul Jabbar, Aziz Balouch and Sirajuddin