Chemical analysis whether it is used to determine the composition of a sample or to devise a procedure for testing or preparation of another sample requires systematic experiment design and implementation. In order to determine and verify the validity of results various methods are employed to evaluate the data obtained. This process enables the analyst not only to understand the results but to find possible reasons for differences and similarities between samples. A simple scheme for carrying out analysis in order to obtain valid and reliable results is outlined in this paper. Moreover the importance of using reference and quality control materials to obtain quantitative results is also highlighted. To evaluate the performance and capability of a laboratory or an analytical procedure, parameters such as relative bias, z-scores, u-test, tests for accuracy and precision etc can be used. The use and significance of these parameters is explained using examples in this manuscript. Uncertainties and errors in measurement as well as the limits of detection (LOD) of an experimental procedure can also provide vital information about the data obtained. Simple calculations are used to explain how these can be obtained and what their magnitudes imply.
Naila Siddique and Shahida Waheed
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