This article is a review of minerals that are used to modify the physical and mechanical properties of polymers and obtain composites with improved performance characteristics. A general classification of fillers is presented, taking into account their division into dispersed and reinforcing ones. General characteristics of fillers are given and their division into groups is considered: mineral, organic, and other subgroups depending on the type of polymer matrix used. To obtain polymer nanocomposite materials with an improved set of properties, information is provided on the features of selecting substances and materials for the purpose of their use as fillers. A unique possibility of modifying the surface of the fillers themselves by dressing and with organosilicon compounds is demonstrated, which makes it possible to obtain hybrid composite materials with improved physical and mechanical characteristics on their basis. The probable mechanism of the formation of organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites based on polyolefins and mineral fillers is considered. Unique characteristics and features of the structure and properties of nanostructured materials are presented. The results of their implementation in various fields of technology are described. Technological features of obtaining and processing structural nanomaterials are presented. The main technological factors influencing the properties of polymer composite materials during their processing by injection molding and extrusion methods are indicated. The main types of polymer matrices and nanofillers intended for obtaining composite materials with specified performance properties are listed. The main promising directions of mechanical-chemical synthesis and practical use of nanocomposites are noted.
Rena Gurbanova, Najaf Kakhramanov, Elmira Suleymanova and Irada Asadova
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