The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has revolutionized the use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in biomedical and environmental applications. Among these, copper (Cu) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles have received increasing attention due to their low cost, biocompatibility, and eco-friendly synthesis potential. While various chemical and physical synthesis routes exist, green synthesis has emerged as a sustainable and non-toxic alternative owing to its simplicity, reliability, and minimal environmental impact. This review presents a consolidated discussion of plant-mediated green synthesis of Cu and TiO₂ nanoparticles, integrating synthesis mechanisms, structural characteristics, and broad-spectrum antimicrobial performance. The paper uniquely bridges the relationship between plant phytochemicals, nanoparticle morphology, and therapeutic efficacy, revealing how plant-mediated synthesis directly influences antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, and antioxidant behaviors. This review paper presents an integrative perspective, consolidating current understanding of Cu and TiO₂ nanoparticles as next-generation, multifunctional, and sustainable nanomaterials for biomedical and therapeutic applications.
M. Talha Ashraf, Maham Zaheer, Maira Amjad, Iram Riaz, Syed Kamran Ali Galani,
M. Ramzan and Raphael M. Obodo