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Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have been well established and recognized for the delivery to the lungs. It provides better drug stability, less irritable, easy to use with deep penetration of drugs in the lungs. Budesonide (BDS) and formoterol fumarate dihydrate (FFD) indicated in pulmonary diseases.
The main aim of the study is to evaluate BDS, FFD and their marketed DPIs product in Pakistan were compare in quality and performance with the reference product. The particle size distribution and aerodynamic characterization were analyzed by laser diffraction and multi stage liquid impinger, respectively. The particle density and delivered dose uniformity were also determined. HPLC was also used for the qualitative and quantitative estimation of BDS and FFD along with its marketed products.
Laser diffraction particle size analyzer revealed Dv50 53.27 to 56.34 µm having surface area 1815 to 2304 cm3/g. The percentages of emitted dose (%ED) and fine particle fraction (%FPF) was found 98.19 to 99.23% and 31.57 to 34.87%, respectively. The mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were calculated 2.62 to 2.89 µm and 1.99 to 2.54, correspondingly. The quantitative assay of BDS and FFD in all the commercial DPIs and reference product were well within the pharmacopeial limit i.e. 97.26 to 101.36%. The average of ten units results of delivered dose uniformity for BSD and FFD were also found in the range i.e. 97.97 to 103.19% and 98.48 to 104.41 %, respectively.
The results of evaluation of parameters of DPIs like Dv50, %ED, %FPF, MMAD, GSD has shown compliance with the pharmacopeial standards. It is concluded that the all DPIs of BDS/FFD marketed in Pakistan has revealed conformance with the standard of pharmacopoeia and meet the requirements of drug regulatory authority of Pakistan.read more
Affan Ali, Adeel Arsalan, Saif ur Rehman Khattak and Mirza Tasawer Bai
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 425
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The phosphate ore reserves in China are very large, but the overall quality is poor, and the magnesium impurity in phosphate ore is not conducive to the production of phosphorus chemical products. Recovery of sulfur dioxide from exhaust gas by phosphate slurry is a new desulfurization technology developed in recent years. During SO2 removal from flue gas by phosphate ore slurry, in phosphate ore magnesium can be simultaneously reduced. The magnesium leaching process could be described by the reaction-controlled shrinking core model. The leaching process of magnesium from phosphate ore slurry in FGD process includes 5 steps and 10 steps, which describes a gas-liquid-solid three-phase complete reaction process of removing magnesium from industrial flue gas desulfurization of phosphate slurry. In this study, a three-phase mass transfer kinetics model was established to find the controlling factors of the desulfurization reaction rate of the magnesium removal system of phosphate ore slurry in the FGD Process, and the research showed that the gas film resistance was the key control step, the solid film resistance was negligible. The reaction relation of desulfurization and removal of magnesium from phosphate slurry was obtained as k=3.766×e-10318.39/RT.read more
Yu Feng, Qiong Wu, Dongdong Zhang, Shijun Fu, Haixiang Ma, Xiaoxia Long and Yonghui Li
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 435
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Coal fly ash (CFA) is produced on very large scales in thermal energy plants. The recycling of coal fly ash (CFA) is essential decreasing its environmental impact. In this research, a FaL-G (coal fly ash (CFA), lime, and FGD gypsum) technology is used to reuse coal fly ash (CFA) in brick-type form. First, all of the small-grained FaL-G were dried in the oven at 60°C for 24 h. Three different combinations of coal fly ash (CFA), FGD gypsum, and lime were tested for block preparation. The blocks were treated with five conditions for hardening and drying, i.e., i. Sunlight, ii. Shade (room temperature), iii. Oven, iv. Presence of moisture, and v. Freezer (-16°C). After complete drying, the compressive strength and flexural strength tests were applied. Over all, the sunlight treated blocks showed strong compressive strength of 5.9 MPa and flexural strength of 7.19 MPa. The blocks made through FaL-G technology are very good raw materials for construction, i.e., partition walls and decoration, as these blocks have impressive texture and plain edges. It was the first time that the variable combinations of coal fly ash (CFA), gypsum, and lime were tested through different conditions and have achieved good strength. The literature showed that little work has been carried out through FaL-G, while additional materials have also been used. The main novelty of the current research work is development of an enhanced technique for preparing building materials, stabilizing coal fly ash (CFA), and reducing its environmental hazardsread more
Ahmed Faraz, Hongzhi Ma, Muhammad Imran, Sun Hongjuan, Zeng Li, Shuang Wu, Xuguang Wang, Junwei Bai and Kai Shen
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 442
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The six most abundant ions present in seawater are chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na+), sulfate (SO42-), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+). By weight these ions make up almost 99 percent of the salinity of sea water. Removal of these ions or desalination makes the sea water useable. In the present work migration of these common and abundantly found ions in sea water has been studied when the water samples were subjected to directional freezing vertically as well as horizontally. Water samples collected from Arabian Sea were frozen in two partially insulated devices under different modes. The samples were placed in a freezer at different temperature conditions and all the six ions present in sea water were estimated in different fractions of ice extracted from various locations of frozen mass obtained after freezing. The fractions collected from the top of vertical device and from the periphery of the horizontal device were found to be completely decontaminated and free from the ions. Most of the ions were found concentrated at the bottom of the vertical device and in the center of horizontal device. The directional freezing method was found simple, inexpensive and free of chemicals method which can be effectively employed for the desalination of sea water particularly in the regions where cold energy is naturally availableread more
Jamil Anwar, Amara Dar, Ayesha Mohy-ud-Din and Mohammad Perwaiz Iqbal
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 449
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The prospective use of C24N24 fullerene in Li-, Na-, K-, and Mg-ion batteries (MIBs) was evaluated by density functional theory. The results showed that M-ion (M=Li, Na, K, and Mg) and M-atom were absorbed in the N4 cavity of C24N24 fullerene. The storage capacity of Mg-ion batteries (MgIBs) is 516 mAhg-1, which is larger than that of Li-, Na-, and K-ion batteries (LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs) with a value of 258 mAgh-1. Moreover, the cell voltages for LIBs, SIBs, PIBs, and MgIBs were calculated when C24N24 fullerene was used as the anode material. The results of the calculations are -1.75 V, -1.81 V, -2.82 V, and 2.74 V towards LIBs, SIBs, PIBs, and MgIBs, respectively. This research demonstrates that C24N24 fullerene may be a useful electrode material for MgIBsread more
Shuailing Ma, Junkai Wang, Zhenxia Huang and Haixin Qi
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 455
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Peritoneal dialysis is a technique for blood purification and is used in chronic kidney disease. Peritonitis is a major problem linked to peritoneal dialysis which limits its utilization. Cephalosporins are extensively used for the treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Cefuroxime is the second-generation cephalosporin that is used for the prevention and cure of peritonitis. The stability of cefuroxime in peritoneal dialysis solution was investigated after storage at different temperatures. Cefuroxime in different concentrations (250 mg, 750 mg and 1.5 g) was injected into the bags of peritoneal dialysis solution which were stored at 4 oC, 25 oC, and 40 oC. Samples were taken at regular intervals and evaluated by a validated HPLC method. Cefuroxime remained stable for fourteen days at 4 °C and the pattern of stability was the same for all concentrations of cefuroxime. At 25 °C, cefuroxime remained stable for 24 hours in isotonic and hypertonic PD solutions and maintained more than 90% of its initial concentrations. At 40 °C, cefuroxime remained stable for 6.7 and 6.0 hours in isotonic and hypertonic PD solutions respectively. The degradation of cefuroxime was higher in hypertonic solutions as compared to isotonic solutionsread more
Nosheen Tabassum, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Humna Akram and Muhammad Shan
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 462
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The molecular weight range of effective components in the aqueous extract of Angelica-Radix Hedysari (1:5) was analyzed, providing a foundation for understanding its chemical composition and pharmacodynamics. Ultrafiltration technology was used to prepare different forms of the extract, including water extract powder, ultrafiltration powder, ultrafiltration saponin component powder, and ultrafiltration polysaccharide component powder. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS) were used to analyze these extracts. Comparison between the components of Angelica-Radix Hedysari using HPLC and HPLC-MS showed that the ultrafiltration products contained fewer components than the original extract powder. However, the content of some components in the ultrafiltration products increased. The components with molecular weight greater than 10 kDa were removed during ultrafiltration, resulting in fewer components in the ultrafiltration products compared to Angelica Hongqi extract powder.read more
Chaoqun Liu, Tao Du, Jia Wang, Xinke Zhao, Yingdong Li, Kai Liu
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 474
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Fungicides play a vital role in protecting crops from fungal damage.However, fungicide re-sistance is one of the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, it is very neces-sary to develop new fungicides constinuously.Triazole compounds have received consider-able interest in agricultural chemistry due to a novel action mode, extremely high activity against phytopathogenic fungi, low acute toxicity to mammals, and environmentally benign characteristics. The title compound 1-(3,3-dimethyl -2-oxobutyl)-N-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide 5, synthesized using methyl 1H-1,2,4 -triazole-3-carboxylate 1 as the start material, was successfully obtained via multi-ple synthesis route and finally characterized by 1H NMR,13C NMR, HRMS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 5 (C15H18N4O2, Mr = 287.1500) belongs to the orthorhombic system, space group Pn21a, with a = 14.49451(11)Å, b = 20.34686(18)Å, c = 10.17021(9)Å, V =2999.38(4) Å3, Z = 8, Dc= 1.268 g/cm3, T = 293.55(14) K, μ (CuKα) = 0.710 mm-1, F (000) =1216.0, the final R=0.0448, and wR = 0.1260 with I>=2σ (I). Fur-thermore, the results from biological assays indicated that the title compound exihibited a similar antifungal activity(EC 50 =8.98 mg. L-1)compared to triadimefon (EC50=5.6 mg.L-1)against G. cingulatal. And had different degrees of weak activity against other phy-topathogenic fungi, including A. solani, S. sclerotiorum, G. saubinetii and T. cucumeris. Po-tentially, the result lay the foundation for the development of novel fungicidesread more
Guang Rong Cai, Zhi Fang Li, Yan Chuan Gong, Xue Dong and Wen Su Cai
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 485
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Starch, an affordable and biodegradable polymer, is commonly used for adsorbing chemical hazards like phenol. To enhance phenol adsorption, a porous aminated starch was developed through enzymatic and chemical modification. By optimizing enzymatic reaction time and temperature, the porous starch was successfully fabricated without granule collapse, resulting in a surface area increase from 0.33 m2/g to 0.81 m2/g. Amino groups were then added to the porous starch via amination, boosting phenol adsorption capability from 0.0165 g/g in native starch to 0.0198 g/g in porous aminated starch, marking over 20% improvement. Additionally, the porous aminated starch exhibited a considerably faster adsorption rate than native starch. The porous structure provided more active sites for phenol adsorption, while the additional amino group enhanced interaction with phenol through hydrogen bonding, leading to higher phenol adsorption capability and faster rateread more
Lu Ning, Xiangda Liu, Yitong Ji, Xiaojie Ren, Rui Hu, Yi Jin, Guangyuan Yang, Xueyuan Yang
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 491
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[Tetrakis-(4-tritylphenoxy) phthalocyaninato] Cobalt (II) (PcCo) was previously formed via the reaction of 4-(4-tritylphenoxy)phthalonitrile. The structure of the resulting PcCo was characterized using absorption spectra, infrared and NMR spectroscopies. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) connecting feature for PcCo was inquired in the different concentration of Calf Thymus-deoxyribonucleic acid (CT-DNA) using UV/Vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, gel agarose electrophoresis and thermal denaturation methods. UV/Vis spectrometer and fluorescence spectroscopy verified PcCo bounds to the DNA and the binding constant (Kb) of the PcCo was also calculated. The binding constant Kb is a very important parameter for getting information on the binding mechanism. The Kb of the compound was also calculated as 1.44 x 106 M-1. The value of Kb demonstrated that the complex binds to DNA through an intercalative binding mechanism. Additionally, thermal denaturation and the electrophoresis studies were implemented to analyze the interacting of PcCo via CT-DNA. In the absence of the complex, the melting experiments were conducted for CT-DNA and Tm was found 69.6 oC for the DNA and The Tm of PcCo complex was found 76.3 oC. Melting point temperature and electrophoresis experiments demonstrated that PcCo binds to CT-DNA through intercalation binding mechanisms. The acquired findings confirmed that PcCo links to the DNA via the intercalating binding manner. Therefore, PcCo may have potential use in cancer treatment. Because of this, further research is needed before this complex can be used in cancer treatmentread more
Ali Arslantaş and Mehmet Salih Ağırtaş
- 14 Oct 2024
- Volume Detail: VOLUME 46, NO5, OCT-2024
- Pages: 499
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