VOLUME 46, NO4, AUG-2024

Kinetics of Electron Transfer Reaction Between Co(II) and Chlorate Ions: Isothermal Reactor Design and Experimental Validation.

The Batch Stirred Tank Reactor (BSTR) has been commonly used for decades in the chemical process industries and even on a pilot plant or laboratory scale whenever expensive and delicate raw materials and products such as pharmaceuticals or fragile transition metal complexes are involved. This research article describes the details of isothermal BSTR and subsequent experimental validation of the rate law discovered in the previous paper of this series on the electron transfer reaction between Co(II) and chlorate ions in acetic acid solution. A Series of tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the BSTR at multiple temperatures and illustrate the differences between the theoretical and experimental conversion of potassium chlorate through relative error. The experimental conversions are calculated with the design equation. Theoretical and experimental conversions are correlated and proportional to the initial concentrations of the reactant and electron transfer reaction among the reactants. Based on the parameters of the design equation, a set with average parameters was chosen and tested over BSTR. The model was then validated for different temperatures and conversions. A design equation for the BSTR has been written and applied for the conversions of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95%. The time interval is going to be predicted by the model to achieve the desired conversions. The percent relative error between predicted and experimental conversions clearly shows the model's predictability, power, and reliability. The precision of the observed rate constant for the electron transfer reaction is found to be 2.2023×〖10〗^(-2 )%read more

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Mahwish M. Khan

Physio-Chemical Properties and Anti-Microbial Activities of Date Seed Oil’s in Saudi Arabia

The preparation of soap from extracted date seed oil along with anti-microbial activities, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and physio-chemical properties comprise the areas examined by the methodology implemented in this research. Ascertaining the fatty acid content in such date seed oil embodies the research objective of this investigation. Color Criteria should be within the range of 2.8 to 13.5 (red-yellow),acid value 1.42 Mg KOH/g oil, flash point 245C˚, a refractive index of 1.468, a Kinetic viscosity of 20cp, and a density of 0.9188g cm-3 comprised the physical assessment of the date oil. On the other hand, a peroxide value of 7.4 mg of peroxide/kg oil, a saponification value of 0.279 mg g-1, an acid value of 2.67, and an iodine value of 74.31 gm I2/100 gm fat comprised the chemical assessment. GC-MS was utilized to ascertain the quantity of fatty acid content in the date seed oil. Oleic acid (Omega-9) and Linoleic acid (Omega-6) comprised the unsaturated fatty acid content in such oils producing values of 38.25% and 2.33% respectively, where the percentage represents the total fatty acid components. Palmitic acid and lauric acid encapsulated the saturated fatty acid content producing values of 0.42% and 35.76%, respectively. The elemental constituents found in the date oil include calcium (29 ppm), magnesium (0.359 ppm), iron (1.27 ppm), and sodium (70 ppm). The date seed oil shown demonstrated anti-bacterial activity high effect 30mm against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and moderated effect 20mm against Staphylococcus aureus, (Gram positive) respectively compared to standard drug, Cephradine. Which may be due to bioactive compounds including plant-derived phenolic molecules (589mg/100g). In this way, the date seed oil had moderate inhibitory effect 40mm against Candida albicansa and low inhibitory effect 20mm against Aspergillus flavus. which may be increases with the increase of the compound concentration compared with standard antifungal agent Nizoarm. While the date oil extract showed good properties in soap in terms of viscosity, Hardness, color and moderate solubility.read more

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Esraa M. Musa

Preparation of AC-TiO2 by One-Step Activation Method and the Degradation Properties of Tetracycline Hydrochloride

A one-step activation technique for preparing activated carbon/titanium dioxide (AC-TiO2) photocatalyst was developed in this study, which achieved the expansion of activated carbon and the crystallization transition of titanium dioxide in one step. The properties of the generated materials were examined utilizing photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). The optimized sample (10%AC-TiO2) has a photocatalytic efficiency of 99.8% in 60 minutes and a degradation efficiency of more than 90% after 5 cycles. According to the experiment results, the combination of AC with TiO2 at high temperatures can induce a considerable number of oxygen vacancies in TiO2, hence increasing the reaction activation site, resulting in improved photocatalytic performance. A strong C-Ti chemical bond can be formed between AC and TiO2. Simultaneously, using AC as the substrate decreases the aggregation problem induced by the small nano size of TiO2 and increases dispersion uniformity. The unique carbon structure with a amount of pore structure can considerably improve the catalyst's adsorption efficacy. Because of the synergistic effect of adsorption-degradation and the perfect photocatalytic activity of TiO2, the composite photocatalyst has exceptional photocatalytic efficiency, opening new possibilities for TiO2 modification.read more

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Mengdi Xu, Bayrammyrat Ovezmyradov, Huiyuan Chen, Hui Nan, Caihong Xue and Guijun Yang

Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Effect of Flavokawain B Loaded Silver Nanoparticles

: Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are used in sterilizing nanomaterials, medical products, textiles, food storage bags, and personal care products. Ag NPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity due to the sustained release of free Ag. Flavokawain B (FKB) is a natural chalcone extracted from the roots of the kava-kava plant Piper methysticum. In this study, Ag NPs were synthesized by the chemical method using hydrazine hydrate and poly (vinyl alcohol) as reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. FKB-loaded Ag NPs showed a red shift and were positioned at 421 nm, indicating Ag NPs presence. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of the aromatic compound's functional groups (at different absorption bands). The XRD pattern indicated the crystalline nature of the loaded Ag NPs with face-centered cubic (fcc) Ag crystals. SEM image revealed the crystalline nature of FKB-loaded Ag NPs. FESEM image revealed the loading of Ag NPs on the clear and flat surface of FKB, and a spherical shape of Ag NPs with an average size of 60 nm was obtained. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgFKB against Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be 100 μg/mL. However, 100 μg/mL of FKB discs did not show any inhibition zone in the activity. These findings indicated the improved antibacterial activity of FKB-loaded Ag NPs (Ag-FKB).read more

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Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Liew Syn Yee, Seema Zareen, Tayyaba Shabir and Sarosh Iqbal

Supramolecular Solvent-Based Vortex-Assisted Hollow Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction Technique Combined With High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Estrogens in Milk Samples

A fast, simple, environmental friendly and strong sample clean-up ability method for the determination of three estrogens (17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estrone (E1), and diethylstilbestrol (DES)) in milk samples has been developed by using supramolecular solvent-based vortex-assisted hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (SS-VA-HF-LPME) and high performance liquid chromatography. Method is based on estrogens was extracted from aqueous samples into a supramolecular solvent which were made up of n-octanol and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM] BF4) impregnated in the wall pores and also filled inside the porous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane followed by vortex-mixing. The supramolecular solvent has better compatibility with the polarity of target analytes and the driving forces for the extraction include hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and π-cation interactions between the analytes and the vesicular aggregates, thereby leading to high recoveries. Vortex can provide mild and effective mixing of sample solution and increase the contact between analytes and boundary layers of the hollow fibre. Therefore the mass transfer rate was enhanced. The parameters that affect the recoveries were studied and optimized. HF of 4 cm length was used and the pH 4.0 was employed. The percentages of n-octanol and [BMIM]BF4 were 10% and 3%, respectively. The extraction equilibrium time was 4 min. The method provided good linearity (>0.998), repeatability (RSD% = 1.24–4.36), low detection limit (0.10–0.22 ng mL−1), and high enrichment factor (330).read more

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Peijin Wang, Yaling Yang

A Type of Conjugated Fuse Heterocyclic Schiff Base Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for Selective Detection of Picric acid (PA)

: A series of Schiff base chemosensors (M1, M2 and M3) were designed and synthesized based on conjugated fuse heterocyclic aldehyde thiosemicarbazone. Optical properties of fluorescent probes M1, M2, and M3 toward various nitro explosives 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), o-nitrophenol (ONP), p-nitrophenol (PNP), phenol (PhOH) and nitromethane (NM) were investigated, M1, M2, and M3 could selectively recognize PA with an obvious color change and fluorescence quenching, even in the presence of other coexistence nitro explosives. The detection limit of M1, M2, and M3 were 1.18×10-7 M, 1.13×10-7 M, 1.09×10-7 M, respectively.read more

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Tianzhu Shi, Zhengfeng Xie, Fuyong Wu, Yulong Feng, Tao Peng and Dezhi Yuan

In Vitro Anti-Aging Activitiy of Arum Dioscoridis with In Silico Prediction of Its Active Compounds

Arum dioscoridis is a plant that has been used by people for centuries for shortness of breath, asthma, bronchitis, expectorant, intestinal laziness, digestive system, malaria and especially hemorrhoid diseases. The aims of the study are to determine the efficient extraction method by extracting the plant with different methods, to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of the extracts, and to perform in silico prediction analyzes of the active molecules of the plant. The plant was extracted using ethanol by maceration, ultrasonic wave extraction, and soxhlet extraction. The antioxidant and anti-aging potential of the obtained extracts were investigated. To determine antioxidant activity, DPPH free radical scavenging, cupric ion reduction and iron ion reduction methods were applied. Anti-aging activity was determined by inhibiting the enzyme elastase. Additionally, the active components of the ethanol extract of the plant were determined using PASSonline, LAZAR, ADMETlab 2.0 and CLC-pred online prediction programs. The yields obtained from the maceration, ultrasonic wave extraction and soxhlet extraction methods are 8.99 g/100g, 19.94 g/100g and 13.2 g/100g, respectively. The IC50 values from the DPPH method obtained from the maceration ethanol extract, ultrasonic wave ethanol extract, and soxhlet ethanol extract were 3.943 μg/mL, 2.797 μg/mL, and 2.273 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 values of the extracts obtained from the elastase inhibition method were 3.112 μg/mL, 3.357 μg/mL and 2.964 μg/mL, in the same order. Additionally, the extracts showed inhibition of cupric ions at 1.8 nm, 0.81 nm and 1.79 nm, in the same order. In silico biological activity was determined with the PASSonline program, toxicity with LAZAR and ADMETlab programs, and the effects of active molecules against some cell lines were determined with the CLC-Pred program. As a result, it was determined that the plant has biological activities to protect the skin against aging in silico and in vitro.read more

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Fatih Uckaya

Lactic, Malic, Tartaric, Citric and Ascorbic Acid as Natural and Green Organocatalysts for Microwave-Induced Solvent-Free Synthesis of Enaminones

The enaminone framework is a versatile building block used in organic synthesis. Herein, a series of β-enaminones were synthesized in good to excellent yields from the reaction of various aliphatic and aromatic primary amines with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds using common natural organic acids (lactic, malic, tartaric, citric and ascorbic acid) as green, eco-friendly and efficient catalysts under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions.read more

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Omid Marvi, Sattar Arshadi and Bita Baghernejad

Quick and Concise Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Approach for Simultaneous Separation and Determining Five Phytohormones

A new, quick and concise nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis approach has been matured to separate phytohormones involving indobutyric acid, indoleacetic acid, abscisic acid, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid and gibberellin. Using a running buffer composed of 85% methyl cyanide, 0.8% 1.0 M caustic soda and 20.0 mM methanol ammonium acetate, satisfactory separation of five phytohormone standards was achieved within 4 mins. The lowest detection limit was obtained for 1-naphthaleneacetic-acid (0.06 µg/ml) and the highest for gibberellin (1.71 µg/ml). The approach has been utilized for wheat bud samples with spiked 5 phytohormones using a solid phase extraction procedure, acquiring recovery percentage ranging from 95 to 102%.read more

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Cunhong Li, Mingyu Ding, Yan Xu and Tianlin Zhu

A Review on the Identified Phases οf Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) & Heavy Metals in the Environment from Different World Locations

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) is a significant source of environmental contamination and it has a variety of physical and chemical properties. Pollution has a wide range of effects on living creatures. It exists in varied quantities at various locations and levels in the atmosphere. Noise pollution, water pollution, chemical pollution and air pollution are all examples of environmental pollution. Air pollution has been researched in the indoor and outdoor atmospheres of the world. Over the last 40 years, many studies have studied of air particulates in different countries. This study also analyzed and reviewed various sample collection, pre-treatment and analytical methodologies used in SPM during the four decades. The findings revealed that traffic exhausts are the primary source of SPM. In Asian countries (China, Pakistan, India, Nepal) of traffic areas followed by urban regions and lowest in rural areas similarly in African countries (Nigeria, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Mali), Western countries (UK, USA, Spain, Greece) and in Arabian countries (Iran, Iraq, Libya, Saudi Arabia) were found SPM and heavy metals. During the period of (1980-2020), this study elucidates the sources, analytical techniques, for the SPM and related metallic components. The metallic elements for SPM were Fe, Mg, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, Cr, Cd found during the past ten years in Asian countries. Using powder techniques, clay minerals were discovered in examined articles (SPM, free fall dust, indoor, outdoor, and under carpet dust). The study is being carryout to examine the presence of heavy metals and SPM in various ecosystems around the world. This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of heavy metals and SPM. Previous research on this topic over the previous four decades was thoroughly examined, in order to conduct experimental research; various equipments for collecting SPM samples were used.read more

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Syed Kamran Ajmal, Shabir Mahar, Shahzadi Sheher Bano, Iqra Mushtaq and Iqra Ahmad