VOLUME 46, NO6, DEC-2024

Pyrolysis Products Formation Characteristics and Kinetics of Heavy Oil Base Cracked Oil

In this study, the pyrolysis products formation and kinetics of base cracked oil were studied by a TG-FTIR device, which can provide a reference basis for heavy oil and gas reaction and industrial application. The results exhibited that the saturated fraction was mainly composed of chain alkanes and cycloalkanes. The aromatic fraction mainly contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. The resin fraction is mainly multi-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As the fraction becomes heavier, the initial and termination cracking temperature of saturate, aromatic, the amount of carbon residue gradually increases and coking intensifies. The pyrolysis products of chemical group were mainly methane, ethylene, C2+ hydrocarbons, and light aromatics, and the main contributing components for the generation of low carbon olefins are the saturated and aromatic fractions. The correlation coefficients R2 of the linear equations and fitting results were close to 1, and thus proving that the selected model was reasonable. The saturate fraction had the lowest activation energy of 78.82 kJ∙mol-1, while the aromatic, resin, and asphaltene have activation energies of 103.46 kJ∙mol-1, 108.87 kJ∙mol-1, and 110.56 kJ∙mol-1, respectively.read more

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Ruiyuan Tang, Yuru Gao, Yani Li, Lixia He, Peixuan Sun, Zhibing Shen and Juntao Zhang

Sensitive Colorimetric and Fluorimetric Probe for the Detection of Sodiumvalproate using Gulutathione Capped Silver Nanoclusters

Silver nanoclusters were synthesized and passivated by glutathione (GSH) ligand, with high aqueous stabipowerful red fluorescence and UV-Vis light yellow colour. A novel colorimetric and fluorimetric assays have been presented for the detection of sodium valproate using glutathione capped silver nanoclusters, (GSH-Ag NCs) as a colorimetric and fluorimetric sensor. The size of the AgNCs-GSH was found to be ~ 10 nm on DLS. The fluorimetric detection of GSH-AgNCs with sodium valproate exhibited excitation bands 600 nm and 360nm respectively and sodium valproate emission indicated showed 3 emission bands within near visible region emission observed at (472, 700 and 760nm) and their relative intensities were2.863, 0.310 and 27.483 respectively. The detection of sodium valproate was accomplished by observing color change of GSH-AgNCs solution from light yellow to brown due to aggregation induced by sodium valproate. GSH-Ag NCs absorbed maximally at 370 nm and after the addition of the drug sodium valproate, the band shifted to 600 nm. The aggregation of GSH-Ag NCs was characterized by UV–Vis spectrometry and fluorimtery, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. Under optimized Conditions, linear calibration curve was obtained within concentration range of 1–8 μg/ml with detection limits of 0.4 μg/ml and limit of quantitation 1.23 μg/ml, respectively. The Fluorescence calibration range was 1-5 µg/ml with limit of detection (LOD) 0.06 μg/ml and limit of quantitation (LOQ) 0.202 µg/ml respectively, showing proposed method to be sensitive. Furthermore, the developed colorimetric assay was found to be simple, sensitive, reproducible and a number of pharmaceutical additives did not affect the determination u a Colorimetric and fluorimetric platform, Sodium valproate was analysed in pharmaceutical formulation, and biological fluids including spiked human urine and blood serum samples with % recoveries of 99.2%and 99.3%.read more

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Asma Laghari and Muhammad Yar Khuhawar

Efficient Chitosan-Based Biotermicide Prepared from Asian Tiger (Prawn) Shells for Anti-Termite Application

Termites have played havoc on common woodworks in houses especially at sub-continent regions. In this work, freshly prepared chitosan from Tiger prawn (Paneous Monodon) shells was studied for anti-termite growth on vulnerable Kail wood pieces. Prawn shells were systematically processed through deprotenization, demineralization, decolourization and deacetylation to get granulated chitosan powder. Freshly extracted chitin and chitosan were characterized by FTIR, SEM and XRD studies. Effect of different compositions of chitosan in acetic acid and contact time of termite with wood towards reduction in original weight were studied. Results show that 5 wt% chitosan-coated Kail wood pieces with 20 numbers of termite and contact time for 24 hours exhibit remarkable resistance against termite growth by showing just about 0.53 % weight loss. On the other hand, Kail wood without coating of chitosan shows about 52 % reduction in weight i.e. about half of the wooden material was eaten by termite under similar conditions. This work demonstrates the efficient termicidal effect of freshly prepared chitosan from prawn shells and presents a remarkable development of chitosan as a biotermicide material derived from natural resourcesread more

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Rimsha Shoukat, Zulfiqar Ali, Riaz Hussain, Mirza Arfan Yawer, Sumaira Naz and Affifa Yawer

Effective Methylene Dye Removal from Contaminated Water using Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Fabricated from the Green Synthesis of Laurus nobilis Leaf

Methylene blue (MB), a prevalent pollutant in textile industry wastewater, poses significant environmental and health risks due to its toxicity, mutagenicity, and persistence. Effective remediation strategies are essential for mitigating its impact. This study presents a novel approach using Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized via a green synthesis method employing Laurus nobilis leaf extract. This environmentally friendly method avoids harmful chemicals and enhances the safety of nanoparticle disposal. The ZnO nanoparticles, characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were monodispersed with an average size of 68.5 nm and showed excellent morphological properties. The nanoparticles achieved a maximum dye removal efficiency of 99% under optimal conditions of pH 3 and a contact time of 150 minutes. The maximum adsorption capacity of the ZnO nanoparticles for MB was 33.75 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were effectively described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and both the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models, with the Langmuir model indicating a monolayer adsorption capacity of 30.98 mg/g. The correlation coefficients (R2) for the Langmuir and Freundlich models were 0.9421 and 0.9463, respectively, demonstrating the robustness of these models in describing the adsorption behaviour. This study not only underscores the potential of green synthesized ZnO as an effective adsorbent for dye remediation but also contributes significantly to sustainable practices in environmental management.read more

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Doga Kavaz

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity Evaluation of Bis-Methylene-di-(2-Amino Benzoic Acid) Derivatives Grafting with Polyethanol

A series of new heterocyclic aromatic derivatives compounds were synthesized by reacted of Bis-methylene-di-(2-aminobenzoyl chloride) ‎with different chloride moieties such as piperidine-1-sulfonylchloride, Pryidine-3-sulfonylchloride, 4,4'-(diazene-1,2-diyl)dibenzoyl-chloride and chloramphenicol respectively, to afforded a derivatives compound containing primary amine group [A-A4]. These derivative compounds [A-A4] were reacted with polyethanol using cold-warm esterification to synthesize of new graft polymers [B1-B4]. The structures of products were conforming by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. XRD-Diffraction of grafted polymer showed compound [B1 and B3] were crystal and semi-crystal respectively. As well as, derivatives were tested by swelling test. The results of swelling showed a higher range between 50-150 % at 72 hrs. These compounds [A-A4] and [B1-B4] have been assayed of biological activity against Escherichia coli G+ve as well as Staphylococcus aurous G-ve microorganisms.read more

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Zainab A. Jabarah, Israa Sh. A.R. Al- Kadi and Amina A. Fayad

Designing, Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Fluorescein Hydrazides and Antibacterial Studies against Sinusitis Isolates and Hemolytic Activities

Fluorescein and its various derivatives show remarkable biological and bio-analytical applications because of its solubility, high degree of inertness and high fluorescent activity. To broaden the spectrum of its applications, we synthesized novel fluorescein-based hydrazides (FHJ-0.2 - FHJ-0.6) using different substituted aryl hydrazine. The newly designed and synthesized products have been monitored by thin layer chromatography and characterized by 1HNMR, IR and MS data. To find the application of these hydrazides, the biological screening is considered and screened by antimicrobial and hemolytic activity studies. Time-kill assay revealed that none of these hydrazides are appreciable antimicrobial agent but all of these show promising hemolytic results. Results are compared with Triton X-100 (positive control) with 89.54% hemolytic activity. Compared to fluorescein (FHJ-0.1) activity (3.07%), FHJ-0.3(3.54%), FHJ-0.2 (4.37%), FHJ-0.2 (4.37%) and FHJ-0.6 (5.87%), presented better anti- hemolytic activity showing that changing the substituent and position affects the activity remarkably. These fluoresecin based hydrazides may prove to be useful for the treatment of hemolytic disordersread more

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Shazia Kousar, Abdul Jabbar, Muhammad Ahmad Mudassir, Syed Adnan Ali Shah, Fozia Anjum, Madiha Irfan, Ayesha Monawer and Syed Waqas Bukhari

Safety Evaluation of Nicotinic Acid Based Pyrazolone Derivatives in Human Cells

Pyrazolone is considered to be an active nucleus present in a large number of drugs. Based on their biological profile, we have tested previously synthesized series of pyrazolone derivatives (Ia-Id), (IIa-IId), (IIIa-IIId), and screened those for in-vitro antioxidant potential using DPPH assay method. These compounds showed moderate to good antioxidant activity. Furthermore, potential analogs were evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxicity via MTT reduction assay in MCF-7 cell line. The compounds exhibited non-toxic effect and did not show 50% inhibition on particular concentration. Based on these observations, we report here that these analogs can be developed into safe drugsread more

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Madiha Kanwal, Sadia Sarwar, Humaira Nadeem, Benish Saeed and G. A. Miana

Current Advances in Copper MOF as a Potential Third Generation Antibacterial Agent

Due to the lack of and high cost of antibacterial medications against resistant bacteria, infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income nations. Infectious diseases include viral, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal ones, with bacterial being the most prevalent. The need for the creation of new and effective antibacterial agents is critical because the overuse of antibiotics and the resulting rise in antibiotic resistance persists today. In this context, a number of metals and metal oxides, metal oxide nanoparticles, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are regarded as third-generation antibacterial agents with improved properties in comparison to conventional bactericidal agents and are thought to be a successful remedy to the drug resistance problem. In this review the antibacterial potential of metal nanoparticles, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles, MOF, Cu-MOF, Cu-MOF nanofiberous membrane and Cu-MOF films is explored. The mechanism of these material as antibacterial agent was found as Cu ions release, ROS generations and both Cu metal ions and ROS generations. Based on the performance Cu-MOF, Cu-MOF nanofiberous membrane and Cu-MOF film are the promising third generation antibacterial agentread more

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Abdul Rauf, Shah Muhammad Haroon, Mehdi Hassan, Hamid Raza, Tehreem Anwar, Mohsin Javed, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Hafiz Muhammad Arshad and Muhammad Imran

Development and Validation of HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin HCl with Ertugliflozin L-Pyroglutamic Acid in Tailored Formulation

The present study introduced an innovative and quick RP-HPLC approach for simultaneous determination of Metformin HCl (MET) and Ertugliflozin L-pyroglutamamic acid (ERT). This new method is simple, accurate, precise and highly sensitive. The separation of both drugs was optimized at 40°C using HPLC column (C8, 4.6 x 150mm 5 microns) and mobile phase comprising of triethylamine in sodium octane sulfonate (pH 4) : MeOH: ACN in a ratio of 45:45:10 respectively, with a flow rate of 1.0 ml /min. The specificity of method showed that there was no interference from placebo or diluent during the drug's retention period. Accuracy and linearity studies conducted at different concentrations displayed good precision and the calibration curves exhibited high correlation i.e. R2= 0.9982 and 0.9996 for ERT and MET, respectively. Precision was assessed for repeatability and intermediate precision, both delivering satisfactory results. Robustness was evaluated under different conditions, including wavelength and flow rate variations, showing acceptable results. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) demonstrated good sensitivity. The accuracy and reliability of the suggested approach for the simultaneous measurement of MET and ERT are guaranteed by the analytical method validation. Comparative analysis of the bespoke new formulation's complete dissolution profile (CDP), Ertozin-M (7.5/500mg) with innovator tablet and Segluromet (7.5/500mg) was also observed at three different pH mediums (0.1 N HCl and buffer solutions of pH 4.5 and pH 6.8). This study was conducted according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guideline Q2(R2) on validation of analytical procedures and Q4B annex 7(R2) for Dissolution Test. The developed HPLC method was found highly suitable for combined estimation of Metformin HCl and Ertugliflozin L-pyroglutamic acid in quality control routine analysis for development of customized pharmaceutical formulations.read more

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Muhammad Ashraf, Shaista Zafar, Rustem Zairov, Sana Shaikh, Syed Moazzam Haider, Nida Ali, Kamran Shaikh and Mohsin Ali

A Review of Municipal Wastewater Disinfection using Advanced Oxidation Processes

Microbial pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater have globally presented a substantial public health concern. The mainly applied conventional disinfection techniques are usually not able to achieve complete disinfection of bacteria in municipal wastewater. As a result, strategies for wastewater treatment and the development of next-generation water supply systems are needed. Although chlorination is the most used disinfection system, it presents various demerits such as the high doses required and the production of toxic by-products (trihalomethanes) that are harmful to human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPS) are being given a lot of attention for adequate disinfection. Compared with other conventional techniques, advanced oxidation processes have the characteristics of high oxidation efficiency and are environmentally friendly. However, a lot has to be done to optimize these processes for bulk wastewater disinfection. The scope of this review summarizes the current research findings on the application, performance and mechanisms of various AOPs for disinfection of wastewater. Furthermore, the basic principles of hybrid AOPs used to accelerate the oxidation efficiency of pathogenic pollutants are reviewed. Finally, the conclusion was that the main direction in the future of AOPs is the modification of the catalysts, coupled systems, and optimization of operating parameters which will ultimately translate to improved disinfection of wastewater.read more

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Robin Simiyu, Seth Apollo and Genson Muriithi